S. aureus fibrinogen binding protein gene

ABSTRACT

The isolation of the S. aureus fibrinogen binding protein gene is described and a minimal fibrinogen binding protein is identified. The protein finds use as a vaccine or a pharmaceutical composition for application to prevent infection, promotion of wound healing, blocking adherence to indwelling medical devices, or diagnosis of infection.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the isolation of the fibrinogen binding protein gene from Staphylococcus aureus and to the use of the fibrinogen binding protein and antibodies generated against it for wound healing, blocking adherence to indwelling medical devices, immunisation or diagnosis of infection.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In hospitalised patents Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of infections associated with indwelling medical devices such as catheters and prostheses (Maki, 1982; Kristinsson, 1989) and non-device related infections of surgical wounds. A recent significant increase in isolates from European and U.S. hospitals which are resistant to several antibiotics and the potential threat of emergence of vancomycin resistance in S. aureus has reinforced the importance of developing alternative prophylactic or vaccine strategies to decrease the risk of nosocomial infections due to S. aureus.

Initial localised infections can lead to more serious invasive infections such as septicaemia and endocarditis. In infections associated with medical devices, plastic and metal surfaces become coated with host plasma and matrix proteins such as fibrinogen and fibronectin shortly after implantation (Baier, 1977; Kochwa et al, 1977; Cottonaro et al, 1981). The ability of S. aureus to adhere to these proteins is believed to be a crucial determinant for initiating infection (Vaudaux et al, 1989, 1993). Vascular grafts, intravenous catheters, artificial heart valves and cardiac assist devices are thrombogenic and are prone to bacterial colonization. S. aureus is the most damaging pathogen of such infections.

Fibrin is the major component of blood clots and fibrinogen/fibrin is one of the major plasma proteins deposited on implanted biomaterial. There is considerable evidence that bacterial adherence to fibrinogen/fibrin is of importance in initiation of device related infection. (i) S. aureus adheres to plastic coverslips coated in vitro with fibrinogen in a dose-dependent manner (Vaudaux et al, 1989) and to catheters coated in vitro with fibrinogen (Cheung and Fischetti, 1990). (ii) The organism binds avidly via a fibrinogen bridge to platelets adhering to surfaces in a model that mimics a blood clot or damage to a heart valve (Herrmann et al., 1993). (iii) S. aureus can adhere to cultured endothelial cells via fibrinogen deposited from plasma acting as a bridge (Cheung et al., 1991). This suggests that fibrinogen could have a direct role in promoting invasive endocarditis. (iv) Mutants defective in a global regulatory gene sar have reduced adherence to fibrinogen and have reduced infectivity in a rat endocarditis infection model (Cheung et al., 1994). While this is indicative of a role for adherence to fibrinogen in initiating endocarditis it is by no means conclusive because sar mutants are pleiotropic and could also lack other relevant factors.

A receptor for fibrinogen often called the "clumping factor" is located on the surface of S. aureus cells (Hawiger et al., 1978, 1982). The interaction between bacteria and fibrinogen in solution results in instantaneous clumping of bacterial cells. The binding site for clumping factor of fibrinogen is located in the C-terminus of the gamma chain of the dimeric glycoprotein. The affinity for the fibrinogen receptor is very high (Kd 9.6×10⁻⁹ M) and clumping occurs in low concentrations of fibrinogen. It is assumed that clumping factor also promotes bacterial adhesion to solid-phase fibrinogen and to fibrin.

Clumping factor has eluded previous attempts at molecular characterisation. Reports of attempts to purify clumping factor described molecules with molecular masses ranging from 14.3 kDa to 420 kDa (Duthie, 1954; Switalski, 1976; Davison and Sanford, 1982; Espersen et al., 1985; Usui, 1986; Chhatwal et al., 1987; Lantz et al., 1990) but none were followed up with more detailed analysis. Fibrinogen is often heavily contaminated with IgG and fibronectin and unless specific steps were taken to eliminate them these studies must be suspect.

More recently it has been shown that S. aureus releases several proteins that can bind to fibrinogen (Boden and Flock, 1989, 1992, 1994; Homonylo McGavin et al., 1993). One of these is probably the same as the broad spectrum ligand binding protein identified by Homonylo McGavin et al., (1993). Another is coagulase (Boden and Flock, 1989), a predominately extracellular protein that activates the plasma clotting activity of prothrombin. Coagulase binds prothrombin at its N-terminus and also interacts with fibrinogen at its C-terminus (McDevitt et al., 1992). However, a hypothesis that the cell-bound form of coagulase is the clumping factor was disproved when coagulase-defective mutants were shown to retain clumping factor activity (McDevitt et al., 1992). There is no evidence that the fibrinogen binding region of any of these proteins is exposed on the bacterial cell surface and consequently there is no evidence that any is clumping factor.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to obtain a minimal fibrinogen binding protein. A further objective is to obtain said protein by means of a genetic engineering technique by using e.g. a plasmid comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for said protein. A further objective is to obtain said protein by chemical synthesis. An additional objective is to generate antisera against said protein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an isolated fibrinogen binding protein gene from S. aureus, particularly the DNA molecule having the sequence shown in FIG. 2 and Sequence ID NO.1, or a substantially similar sequence also encoding S. aureus fibrinogen binding protein.

The invention also relates to hybrid DNA molecules, e.g. plasmids comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for said protein. Further the invention relates to transformed host micro-organisms comprising said molecules and their use in producing said protein. The invention also provides antisera raised against the above fibrinogen binding protein and vaccines or other pharmaceutical compositions comprising the S. aureus fibrinogen binding protein. Furthermore the invention provides diagnostic kits comprising a DNA molecule as defined above, the S. aureus fibrinogen binding protein and antisera raised against it.

By "substantially similar" is meant a DNA sequence which by virtue of the degeneracy of the genetic code is not identical with that shown in FIG. 2 and Sequence ID NO.1 but still encodes the same amino-acid sequence; or a DNA sequence which encodes a different amino-acid sequence which retains fibrinogen binding protein activity either because one amino-acid is replaced with another similar amino-acid or because the change (whether it be substitution, deletion or insertion) does not affect the active site of the protein.

DRAWINGS

The invention will be described further with reference to the drawings in which there is shown:

FIG. 1. Adherence of S. aureus Newman strains to fibrinogen-coated PMMA coverslips. The number of adherent bacteria is shown as a function of fibrinogen adsorbed on the coverslip. The symbol for Newman wild type is IIIIXIII. Symbols for Newman mutant strains are as follows: mutant 1, -□-; mutant 2 ,-Δ-; mutant 3, -⋄-; mutant 4, -∇-. Symbols for Newman mutants carrying pCF16 are as follows: mutant 1,-▪-; mutant 2,-▴-; mutant 3,-♦-; mutant 4,-▾-.: The number of bacterial cells bound is shown as CFU (mean+/-range, n=2). In points where range bars are not visible, the bars are smaller than the symbols.

FIG. 2. (A) Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the clfA gene of Staphylococcus aureus strain Newman. The sequence has been lodged in the EMBL Data Library under the accession number Z18852 SAUCF. Putative -35, -10, ribosome binding site (RBS) and transcriptional stop regions are indicated on the nucleotide sequence. For the ClfA protein, the start of the signal peptide (S), non repeat region (A), repeat region (R), wall-spanning region (W) and membrane spanning region (M) are indicated by horizontal arrows. The LPXTG motif is underlined.

(B) Schematic diagram showing the domain organization of the ClfA protein. S, signal peptide; A, non-repeat region; R, repeat region; W, wall region; M, membrane spanning region and +, positively charged residues. The position of the LPXTG motif is indicated.

FIG. 3. Proteins purified from E. coli TBl expressing pCF17. A DNA fragment corresponding to the N-terminal half of ClfA (residues 23-550; Region A) was generated by PCR and cloned in-frame into the expression vector pKK233-2 to generate pCF17. The N-terminal sequence was deduced for the three fibrinogen binding proteins (105 kDa, 55 kDa and 42 kDa) purified from an induced culture of E. coli carrying pCF17 (Table 1) and the location of each with respect to the A domain and amino acids represented are indicated. Recombinant proteins which possess fibrinogen binding activity are denoted by ++.

FIG. 4. Western affinity blotting analysis of fibrinogen binding proteins from E. coli TB1 expressing pCF17. Samples were fractionated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and probed with fibrinogen labelled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). 100 micro g of E. coli pCF17 induced lysate (Lane 1), 5 micro g of proteins purified from the fibrinogen-Sepharose column and 1 micro g of purified 42 kDa protein. Sizes are in kDa.

FIG. 5. Inhibition of adherence of strain Newman Δspa to fibrinogen-coated PMMA coverslips by anti-ClfA sera and preimmune sera. The symbol for anti Region A serum N2 is -▪- and the symbol for preimmune serum N2 is -□-. The symbol for anti Region RWM serum C2 is --. The percentage inhibition is shown as mean+/-range, n=2. In points where range bars are not visible, the bars are smaller than the symbols.

FIG. 6. Localization of the fibrinogen binding domain of ClfA. DNA fragments corresponding to the different segments of clfA were generated by PCR and cloned in-frame into the fusion protein expression vector pGEX-KG. ClfA truncates were expressed as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase. The location of the clfA gene fragments, the amino acids represented and the length of the protein amplified are also indicated. The properties of the recombinant proteins are indicated. Proteins were assessed for (a) ability to bind to fibrinogen in the affinity blotting assay (binds fg), (b) the ability of lysates to inhibit the clumping of bacteria in soluble fibrinogen (inhibits clumping), (c) the ability of lysates to inhibit the adherence of bacteria to solid-phase fibrinogen (inhibit adherence), and (d) the ability of lysates to block neutralising antibodies (blocks Abs). ++, positive reaction; -, negative; ND, not done.

FIG. 7. (A) Inhibition of adherence of S. aureus Newman to fibrinogen-coated coverslips by lysates containing ClfA truncates. Symbols are E. coli pCF24 uninduced lysate -Δ-, E. coli pCF24 induced lysate -▴- E. coli pCF25 uninduced lysate -□-, E. coli pCF25 induced lysate -▪-. The percentage inhibition is shown as mean+/-range, n=2. In points where range bars are not visible, the bars are smaller than the symbols.

(B) Inhibition of adherence of S. aureus Newman to fibrinogen-coated coverslips by lysates containing ClfA truncates. Symbols are E. coli pCF27 lysate -▪-, E. coli pCF28 lysate --, E. coli pCF29 lysate -▴-, E. coli pCF30 lysate -▾- , E. coli pCF31 lysate -♦-. The percentage inhibition is shown as mean+/-range, n=2. In points where range bars are not visible, the bars are smaller than the symbols.

FIG. 8. Western immunoblotting of ClfA proteins. Proteins released from the cell wall of S. aureus strains Newman (lane 3) and Newman clfA (lane 4), and proteins expressed by E. coli TBl pCF3 (carrying the cloned clfA gene, lane 2) and by E. coli TBl without the plasmid (lane 1), were studied by Western immunoblotting with anti-ClfA antibodies. Approximately 100 micro g of protein was loaded for each sample. Sizes are in kDa.

FIG. 9. S. aureus strains were studied by immunofluorescence with anti-ClfA N2 serum. Newman Δspa::Tc^(r) cells (+) and Newman Δspa::Tc^(r) clfA::Tn917 cells (-).

FIG. 10. Adherence of S. aureus Newman strains to PMMA coverslips coated in vitro with fibrinogen. The number of adherent bacteria is shown as a function of fibrinogen adsorbed on the coverslip. The symbols are, Newman wild type, -∘-; Newman clfA::Tn917, --. The number of bacterial cells bound is shown as c.f.u. (mean+/-range, n=2). In points where range bars are not visible, the bars are smaller than the symbols.

FIG. 11. Adherence of S. aureus Newman strains onto segments of ex vivo polymer tubing exposed to canine blood. Adherence was tested to both ex vivo polyvinylchloride (PVC) and to ex vivo polyethylene (PE). The symbols are, Newman wild type, -∘-; Newman clfA::Tn917, --. The number of bacterial cells bound is shown as c.f.u. (mean+/-range, n=2). In points where range bars are not visible, the bars are smaller than the symbols.

FIG. 12. Adherence of S. aureus 8325-4 strains onto segments of ex vivo polymer tubing exposed to canine blood. Adherence was tested to both ex vivo polyvinylchloride (PVC) and to ex vivo polyethylene (PE). The symbols are: 8325-4 wild type, -□-; 83254 clfA::Tn917, -▪-; 8325-4 clfA::Tn917 (pCF4), . The number of bacterial cells bound is shown as c.f.u. (mean=/-range, n=2). In points where range bars are not visible, the bars are smaller than the symbols.

Cloning and Sequencing the Clumping Factor Gene

In view of the difficulties mentioned above with (i) obtaining pure fibrinogen, (ii) the discrepancies in reported molecular weight of "clumping factor" and (iii) the diversity of different fibrinogen binding proteins, a different approach was taken to identify the clumping factor gene involving isolating insertion mutants that inactivated the clumping phenotype. This has been described in detail by McDevitt et al., (1994).

Transposon Tn917 (Tomich et al., 1980) was used to generate insertion mutants that eliminated the fibrinogen clumping phenotype of S. aureus strain Newman. The temperature sensitive plasmid pTV1ts which carries Tn917 (Youngman, 1985) was transferred into strain Newman and several transposon insertion banks were isolated by growing cultures at 43° in broth containing erythromycin (to select for Tn917 after plasmid elimination). Cultures of the banks were mixed with fibrinogen, the agglutinated cells were removed and the surviving cells in the supernatants were screened for clumping factor-deficient mutants. Four mutants were isolated from separate banks. The Tn917 elements were transduced into a wild-type Newman host with phage 85. In each case all the transductants screened had inherited the clumping factor deficiency proving that the Tn917 insertions caused the mutant phenotypes. The clumping factor mutants expressed the same level of coagulase as the wild-type strain, further supporting the conclusion that clumping factor and coagulase are distinct entities.

The mutants were analyzed by Southern hybridization using an internal fragment of Tn917 as a probe in order to identify HindIII junction fragments comprising transposon and flanking chromosomal sequences. A junction fragment from one mutant was cloned using standard techniques in plasmid vector pUC18 (Yanisch Perron et al., 1985). A fragment comprising only chromosomal DNA flanking the transposon was isolated from this plasmid and used in turn as a probe in a Southern blot of genomic DNA of Newman wild-type and each of the mutants. A HindIII fragment of 7 kb that hybridized in Newman wild-type was missing in each of the mutants. Genomic DNA of Newman wild-type was cleaved with HindIII and ligated with plasmid pUC18 cut with the same enzyme and transformed into E. coli TBI (Yanisch-Perron et al., 1985). Transformants were screened by colony hybridisation using the junction fragment probe. Plasmid pCF3 (pUC18 carrying the 7 kb HindIII fragment) was isolated. Plasmid pCF3 was deposited at the NCIMB, Aberdeen Scotland on Jul. 2, 1998 under the Accession No. NCIMB40959, such deposit complying with the terms of the Budapest Treaty.

The 7 kb HindIII fragment was subcloned into pCL84, a single copy non-replicating vector which integrates into the chromosome of S. aureus (Lee et al., 1991), forming pCF16. pCF16 was transformed into S. aureus strain CYL316 (Lee et al., 1991) selecting for tetracycline resistance. The integrated plasmid was then transduced with phage 85 into each of the Newman clf mutants. In a microtitre clumping assay the Newman mutants were completely devoid of activity even at the highest concentrations of fibrinogen, whereas the wild-type had a titre of 2048 and could interact productively with very low concentrations of fibrinogen. The integrated single copy plasmid pCF16 restored the clumping activity of each of the mutants to the same level as that of the parental strain. Thus the HindIII fragment must express a functional protein which complements the clumping deficiency of the mutants.

S. aureus Newman adhered to solid-phase fibrinogen coated onto polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) coverslips in a concentration dependent manner (FIG. 1). Each clf mutant showed drastic reduction in adherence. This was restored to the level of the parental strain by pCF16. This data shows that the ability of Newman to form clumps in soluble fibrinogen correlates with bacterial adherence to solid-phase fibrinogen.

Fragments from the 7 kb HindIII fragment in pCF3 were subcloned into pGEM7 Zf(+) (Promega). The smallest fragment which still expressed the fibrinogen binding activity was a 3.5 kb HindIII-KpnI fragment which is contained in plasmid pCF10 which was deposited at the National Collections of Industrial and Marine Bacteria, Ltd. (NCIMB) Aberdeen Scotland, under the Accession No. 40674 in September 1994. The DNA sequence of this fragment was obtained using standard techniques and has been lodged in the EMBL Data Library under the accession number Z18852 SAUCF. A single open reading frame of 2799 bp was identified (FIG. 2A and Sequence ID NO.1). The orf is called clfA and the gene product the ClfA protein. The predicted protein is composed of 933 amino acids (molecular weight 97,058 Da, see Sequence ID NOS. 1 and 2). A putative signal sequence of 39 residues was predicted. The predicted molecular weight of the mature protein is 92 kDa. Following the signal sequence is a region of 520 residues (Region A) which precedes a 308 residue region (region R) comprising 154 repeats of the dipeptide serine-aspartate (FIGS. 2A and 2B and Sequence ID NO.2). The C terminus of ClfA has features present in surface proteins of other Gram positive bacteria (Schneewind et al., 1993) that are responsible for anchoring the protein to the cell wall and membrane: (i) residues at the extreme C-terminus that are predominantly positively charged, (ii) a hydrophobic region which probably spans the cytoplasmic membrane and (iii) the sequence LPDTG which is homologous to the consensus sequence LPXTG that occurs in all wall-associated proteins of Gram positive bacteria. This strongly suggests that ClfA is a wall-associated protein and that the N terminal part is exposed on the cell surface.

It is not obvious from the primary structure of ClfA or by comparison of ClfA with other ligand binding proteins of S. aureus (fibronectin binding protein, Signas et al., 1989; collagen binding protein, Patti et al., 1992) which part of ClfA interacts with fibrinogen.

Results

(1) Purifying the N-terminal half of the fibrinogen receptor (ClfA)

A DNA fragment corresponding to the N-terminal half of ClfA (residues 23-550; Region A) was generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned in-frame into the expression vector pKK233-2 (Amann and Brosius, 1985) to generate pCF17 (FIG. 3). Expression of recombinant Region A was induced by adding isopropyl Beta-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) to exponential cultures. Induced cultures contained two proteins of 105 kDa and 55 kDa which reacted with fibrinogen in a Western ligand blotting assay (FIG. 4, lane 1). A fibrinogen-Sepharose 4B column was made by the method recommended by the manufacturer (Pharmacia). A sample of an induced culture containing these fibrinogen binding proteins was passed into the fibrinogen Sepharose 4B column. Four proteins were eluted: -105 kDa, 55 kDa, 42 kDa and 75 kDa (trace amounts). In a separate purification experiment, the 42 kDa protein was purified to homogeneity. Only the 105 kDa, 55 kDa and 42 kDa proteins bound to fibrinogen in the Western ligand blotting assay (FIG. 4, lanes 2 and 3). The N-terminal sequence of these proteins was determined (Table 1). The 75 kDa protein was present in trace amounts (1-2 pmoles) and is not related to ClfA. The three predominant proteins bound to fibrinogen in the Western blotting assay and are related to the region A (see FIG. 3). The 105 kDa protein represents the intact Region A while the 55 kDa and 42 kDa proteins are breakdown products. The apparent molecular weights of the native region A and breakdown products of region A are much higher than that predicted from the DNA sequence (Table 1).

(2) Antibodies to the Region A of the ClfA protein (residues 23-550)

A rabbit was immunised with 30 micro g of a mixture of the 105 kDa, 75 kDa, 55 kDa and 42 kDa proteins along with Freund's complete adjuvant. The immune sera was called N2. One rabbit was also immunised with 18 micro g of the purified 42 kDa ClfA truncate and the immune serum for this was called N3. Bacterial interaction with fibrinogen can be measured by a quantitative clumping titration assay (Switalski, 1976). In this assay, doubling dilutions of a fibrinogen solution (1 mg/ml) are mixed in a microtitre dish with a suspension of 2×10⁷ cells for 5 min with gentle shaking. A standard clumping concentration of fibrinogen was defined as 2× the titre. To this was added varying amounts of the anti-ClfA serum to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration that stops the clumping reaction (Table 2). Both N2 and N3 sera were potent inhibitors of the clumping of bacteria. Preimmune sera did not inhibit the clumping of bacteria. N2 sera also had a potent inhibitory activity on bacterial adhesion to surface-bound fibrinogen in the coverslip assay (McDevitt et al., 1992, 1994), expressing 95% inhibition at 1 micro g protein/ml (FIG. 5). Preimmune sera did not have any inhibitory activity even at a protein concentration of 100 micro g/ml (FIG. 5). In addition, antisera raised against regions R, W and M (C2) (see section 4 below) failed to inhibit adherence even at 100 micro g/ml (FIG. 5).

(3) Localisation of the fibrinogen binding domain of the ClfA protein

DNA fragments corresponding to the Region A of ClfA (residues 23-550) and C terminal regions R,W and M (residues 546-933) were generated by PCR (standard conditions) and cloned in-frame into the fusion protein expression vector pGEX-KG (Guan and Dixon, 1991) to generate pCF24 and pCF25 respectively (see FIG. 6). These ClfA truncates were expressed as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase. An induced lysate of E. coli pCF24 (residues 23-550) expressed a fusion protein that bound to fibrinogen in a Western affinity blotting assay with peroxidase labelled fibrinogen (FIG. 6). In addition, this lysate inhibited the clumping of bacteria with soluble fibrinogen in the clumping assay (Table 3 and FIG. 6) and also inhibited the adherence of bacteria to immobilised fibrinogen in the coverslip assay in a dose dependent fashion (FIG. 7A). A lysate of E. coli pCF25 (residues 546-933) induced with IPTG expressed a fusion protein that failed to bind to fibrinogen in the Western blotting assay (FIG. 6). In addition, this lysate did not inhibit the clumping of bacteria in the clumping assay (Table 3) and did not inhibit adherence to immobilized fibrinogen in the adherence assay (FIG. 7A). Uninduced lysates from both pCF24 and pCF25 failed to inhibit both clumping and adherence (Table 3 and FIG. 7A).

A synthetic peptide (SDSDSDSDSDSDGGGC, Sequence ID NO.16) designed to mimic the C-terminal repeat region of ClfA failed to inhibit the clumping of bacteria in the clumping assay when up to 107 micro g/ml was tested. In addition, the synthetic peptide failed to inhibit the adherence of bacteria in the adherence assay even at a concentration of 100 micro g/ml. Taken together, this data suggests that the fibrinogen binding domain of ClfA is located in the A domain rather than in the regions R, M, and W. It confirms the data in Table 1 which dealt with purifying fibrinogen binding proteins expressed from pCF17 and also suggests that an N-terminal ClfA protein can act both as a potent inhibitor of cell clumping in fibrinogen and also as a potent inhibitor of the adherence of bacteria to fibrinogen coated surfaces.

The fibrinogen binding domain was further localised within region A. Segments of region A were amplified by PCR and cloned into the pGEX-KG vector. Lysates from IPTG-induced cultures were examined for the presence of fibrinogen binding fusion proteins, for the ability to inhibit the clumping of bacteria in the fibrinogen clumping assay and for the ability to inhibit adherence to immobilised fibrinogen in the adherence assay. The fusion protein of pCF31 (residues 221-550) was the smallest truncate that still expressed a fibrinogen binding activity (FIG. 6). It is almost identical in composition to the purified 42 kDa protein (residues 219-550) described above. The fusion proteins from pCF27, pCF28, pCF29 and pCF30 all failed to bind to fibrinogen in the Western affinity blotting assay, despite reacting with antibodies generated against the A domain of ClfA (FIG. 6). In addition, a lysate containing the fusion protein expressed by pCF31 was the only one to inhibit the fibrinogen clumping reaction (Table 3) and to inhibit the adherence of bacteria to immobilised fibrinogen in the adherence assay (FIG. 7B). These results suggest that the fibrinogen binding site is quite extensive or that its correct conformation is determined by flanking sequences.

An antibody neutralisation assay was adopted to help localise further the active site within residues 221-550. This assay was conducted with a protein A negative deletion mutant of S. aureus strain Newman (Patel et al., 1987) to prevent non specific reaction with IgG. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the A region of ClfA (N2) inhibited the clumping of bacteria in soluble fibrinogen (see section 2 above). In the standard clumping assay with the clumping concentration at 2× the titre, the concentration of lysates that blocked the inhibitory activity of 4.68 micro g of serum (2× the inhibitory concentration, Table 2) was determined. The lysates containing ClfA fusion proteins were assayed for their ability to neutralise the inhibiting activity of the antibodies. Truncates containing the active site might be able to adsorb out antibodies generated against the active site and thus neutralise the blocking effect on cell clumping. The lysates containing proteins expressed by pCF24 and pCF31 neutralised the inhibiting activity of the antibodies while a lysate containing the fusion protein expressed by pCF25 (Region R,W and M) did not inhibit (Table 4). Lysates containing small fusion proteins expressed by pCF30 were able to neutralise the inhibiting activity of antibodies while lysates containing fusion proteins expressed by pCF27 and pCF29 had no such activity (Table 4). Taken together this suggested that the active site is located in a 218 residue region between residues 332 and 550.

(4) Antibodies to the C-terminal half of the ClfA protein (residues 546-933)

The fusion protein present in a lysate of E. coli pCF25 (residues 546-933) induced with IPTG was purified to homogeneity by using glutathione sepharose-affinity chromatography as described by Guan and Dixon, (1991). A rabbit was immunised with 20 micro g of the fusion protein along with Freund's complete adjuvant. The immune sera was called C2. This serum failed to inhibit the clumping of bacteria in the clumping assay (Table 2) and also failed to inhibit bacterial adhesion to surface bound fibrinogen in the coverslip assay even at 100 micro g/ml (FIG. 5).

(5) Identification of the native fibrinogen receptor

Proteins released from the cell wall of S. aureus strains and a lysate of E. coli expressing the cloned clfA gene were studied by Western immunoblotting with anti ClfA antibodies in order to identify ClfA protein(s). A lysate of E. coli TB1 (pCF3) (carrying the cloned clfA gene) contained several immunoreactive proteins (FIG. 8, lane 2). The largest of these was ca. 190 kDa. The smaller proteins are probably derivatives caused by proteolysis. S. aureus strain Newman also expresses a ca. 190 kDa immunoreactive protein (FIG. 8, lane 3). A smaller immunoreactive protein of ca. 130 kDa was also detected and is probably also caused by proteolysis. Despite the presence of protease inhibitors and studying proteins released from cells harvested at different stages in the growth cycle (from mid-exponential to late stationary), two proteins of these sizes were always present (data not shown). Both proteins were absent in extracts of the clumping factor negative transposon insertion mutant of Newman (FIG. 8, lane 4) indicating that they are products of the clfA gene.

Previously we reported the size of the ClfA protein to be ca. 130 kDa (McDevitt et al., 1994) in an affinity blotting assay with fibrinogen and peroxidase labelled anti-fibrinogen antibodies. Our current immunoblotting assay is much more sensitive than the affinity blotting assay. In addition, we now know that the ClfA protein is very sensitive to degradation. Indeed the predominant immunoreactive protein detected in samples from both E. coli TB1 (pCF3) and S. aureus strain Newman which have been frozen and thawed more than twice is 130 kDa indicating that the ca. 190 kDa protein is labile (data not shown). Thus, the ca. 130 kDa protein detected in the affinity blotting assay is most probably a smaller derivative of ClfA. The apparent size of the native ClfA protein of strain Newman appears to be ca. 190 kDa. This is double that predicted from the DNA sequence, but this might be due to the unusual structure and is consistent with the aberrantly high apparent molecular weight of recombinant proteins (Table 1). The recombinant N-terminal Region A protein expressed by E. coli pCF17 also had an unexpectedly high apparent molecular weight.

(6) Surface localization of the ClfA protein by immunofluorescent microscopy

Anti-ClfA region A sera (N2) was used to confirm that Region A of ClfA is exposed on the bacterial cell surface. Protein A-deficient mutants of Newman and Newman clfA::Tn917 (clumping factor transposon insertion mutant) were isolated by transducing the Δspa::Tc^(r) mutation from 8325-4 Δspa::Tc^(r) to strains Newman and Newman clfA::Tn917 using phage 85. Protein A-deficient mutants were used to prevent non-specific interaction with rabbit IgG. Cells from overnight cultures of strains Newman Δspa::Tc^(r) and Newman Δspa::Tc^(r) clfA::Tn917 were diluted to As60=0.6-1.0 and fixed to glass slides using gluteraldehyde. The slides were then incubated in anti-ClfA region A serum (N2, 1 in 200) followed by fluorescein conjugated swine anti-rabbit serum (Dakopatts, 1 in 40). The cells were studied for fluorescence by microscopy (Nowicki et al., 1984). Newman Δspa::Tc^(r) cells fluoresced while Newman Δspa::Tc^(r) clfA::Tn917 cells did not (FIG. 9). This confirmed that region A of ClfA is exposed on the cell surface of wild-type Newman and that this ClfA protein is absent in the clumping factor deficient mutant.

(7) Role of the fibrinogen receptor in adherence to in vitro- and ex vivo-coated polymeric biomaterials

A mutant of strain Newman defective in the clumping factor (clfAl::Tn917) and a complemented mutant bearing pCF16 were studied for adherence properties to biomaterials coated in vitro with fibrinogen and to ex vivo biomaterial. A canine arteriovenous shunt has been developed as a model to study plasma protein adsorption onto intravenous catheters from short-term blood-biomaterial exposures and to identify host proteins promoting adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus (Vaudaux et al., 1991).

S. aureus strain Newman adheres strongly (in a concentration dependent fashion) to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) coverslips coated in vitro with canine fibrinogen (FIG. 10). In contrast, the fibrinogen receptor mutant was significantly defective (>95%) in its ability to adhere to the canine fibrinogen coated coverslips (FIG. 10). In the ex vivo model, either polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride tubing was exposed to canine blood for 5, 15 or 60 min at a flow rate of 300 ml/min, then flushed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), cut into 1.5 cm segments and preincubated in 0.5% albumin in PBS to prevent non-specific staphylococcal attachment. Then, each segment was incubated with 4×10⁶ CFU/ml of [3H]thymidine-labelled S. aureus for 60 min at 37° C. in an in vitro adherence assay. When compared with the wild-type strain Newman, the fibrinogen receptor mutant strain showed a strong decrease (>80%) in attachment to ex vivo polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene tubings (FIG. 11). In addition, strain 8325-4 (which binds poorly to fibrinogen-coated coverslips in vitro and to the ex vivo polymer tubings) showed a significant increase in its ability to adhere to the two different ex vivo polymer tubings when complemented with a plasmid (pCF4) expressing the fibrinogen receptor gene (FIG. 12).

The data shows that fibrinogen is the major plasma protein in a short-term blood material interaction to promote staphylococcal adherence and the possession of the fibrinogen receptor is a major determinant in the ability of S. aureus to adhere to ex vivo biomaterials.

(8) Role of the fibrinogen receptor in the pathogenesis of experimental endocarditis

S. aureus strain Newman, the fibrinogen receptor mutant strain of Newman (clfA::Tn917) and a fibrinogen receptor mutant complemented with the clfA+ integrating plasmid pCF16 were compared in a previously described model of experimental endocarditis (Garrison and Freedman, 1970). This rat model investigates the early events in experimental endocarditis with catheter-induced aortic vegetations (Veg). Groups of >/-8 rats were challenged with an inoculum that resulted in 90% of vegetations being colonised by the wild-type organism (ID90). Animals were injected intravenously with the same inocula of Newman clfA and Newman clfA (pCF16). Animals were killed 12 hours after inoculation and quantitative cultures of the blood, spleen and Veg were performed. Table 5 shows the percentage of rats infected.

The data show that a mutant lacking the fibrinogen receptor was significantly less able to infect the catheter-induced aortic vegetations (decrease of 49%) when compared with the wild type strain Newman. In addition, the complemented strain had restored infectivity. The fact that all three strains infected the spleens with similar numbers suggests that the presence or absence of the fibrinogen receptor interfered specifically with bacterial colonisation of the catheter-induced aortic vegetation.

This model strongly implicates the fibrinogen receptor as an important adhesin in the pathogenesis of S. aureus endocarditis and other cardiovascular infections associated with intravenous catheters, artificial heart valves and intravenous shunts.

USES OF THE INVENTION

1. The fibrinogen binding protein or fragment containing the fibrinogen binding region can be used as a vaccine to protect against human and animal infections caused by S. aureus. For example, the fibrinogen binding protein or fragment containing the fibrinogen binding region can be used as a vaccine to protect ruminants against mastitis caused by S. aureus infections.

2. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against the fibrinogen binding protein or a fragment containing the fibrinogen binding domain can be used to immunise passively by intravenous injection against infections caused by S. aureus.

3. The fibrinogen binding protein or an active fragment can be administered locally to block S. aureus from colonising and infecting a wound.

4. The antibody against the fibrinogen binding protein can be administered locally to prevent infection of a wound.

5. The fibrinogen binding protein or an active fragment or antibodies against the fibrinogen binding protein can be used to block adherence of S. aureus to indwelling medical devices such as catheters, replacement heart valves and cardiac assist devices.

6. The fibrinogen binding protein or an active fragment or antibodies against the fibrinogen binding protein can be used in combination with other blocking agents to protect against human and animal infections caused by S. aureus.

7. The fibrinogen binding protein can be used to diagnose bacterial infections caused by S. aureus strains. The fibrinogen binding protein can be immobilised to latex or Sepharose™, and sera containing antibodies are allowed to react; agglutination is then measured.

8. The fibrinogen binding protein can be used in an ELISA test.

9. DNA gene probe for the fibrinogen binding protein for ELISA tests.

10. Antibodies to the fibrinogen binding protein can be used to diagnose bacterial infections caused by S. aureus strains.

                                      TABLE 1                                      __________________________________________________________________________     ClfA proteins.                                                                 Protein mol. wt.                                                                            N-terminal                                                        apparent*                                                                            predicted@                                                                            sequence             ClfA residues                                __________________________________________________________________________     105kDa                                                                               57kDa  VGTLIGFGLL, Seq. ID No. 17                                                                          23-32                                           - 75kDaNDGKIIGID, Seq. ID No. 18not related                                    - 55kDa44kDaMNQTSNETTFNDTNTV, Seq. ID No. 19143-157                            - 42kDa36kDaAVAADAPAAGTDITNQLT, Seq. ID No. 20220-237                          -                                                                           Native ClfA                                                                    190kDa                                                                               92kDa                                                                    __________________________________________________________________________      *determined from migration on SDSPAGE and Western blotting.                    @predicted from the amino acid sequence                                        ND not determined.                                                       

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Inhibition of clumping with anti-ClfA sera                                                      Inhibiting concentration*                                       Sera (micro g)                                                               ______________________________________                                         N2           2.34                                                                N3 2.34                                                                        Preimmune N2 >300.00                                                           Preimmune N3 >300.00                                                           C2 >300.00                                                                   ______________________________________                                          *Average of 3 experiments.                                               

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         Inhibition of clumping with lysates containing truncated                         ClfA proteins                                                                                  Inhibiting concentration*                                      Lysate (micro g)                                                             ______________________________________                                         pCF24         9.37                                                               pCF25 >300.00                                                                  pCF24 Uninduced >300.00                                                        pCF25 Uninduced >300.00                                                        pCF27 >300.00                                                                  pCF28 >300.00                                                                  pCF29 >300.00                                                                  pCF30 >300.00                                                                  pCF31 9.37                                                                   ______________________________________                                          *Average of 3 experiments.                                               

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                         The ability of lysates to block the inhibiting effect of                         anti-ClfA N2 sera on cell clumping                                                          Blocking concentration*                                           Lysate (micro g)                                                             ______________________________________                                         pCF24      1.17                                                                  pCF25 >75.00                                                                   pCF27 >75.00                                                                   pCF28 >75.00                                                                   pCF29 >75.00                                                                   pCF30 2.34                                                                     pCF31 2.34                                                                   ______________________________________                                          *Average of 3 experiments.                                               

                  TABLE 5                                                          ______________________________________                                         Experimental endocarditis                                                                                          Newman                                         Newman clfA::Tn917                                                           % infected Newman clfA::Tn917 pCF16 clfA+                                    ______________________________________                                         vegetation   84%       43%*       83%                                            blood cultures 70% 30%* 50%                                                    spleen (× log CFU/g)  3.16  3.11  3.59                                 ______________________________________                                          *p = 0.05 when compared to other groups                                  

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    __________________________________________________________________________     #             SEQUENCE LISTING                                                    - -  - - <160> NUMBER OF SEQ ID NOS: 20                                        - - <210> SEQ ID NO 1                                                         <211> LENGTH: 3498                                                             <212> TYPE: DNA                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                          <220> FEATURE:                                                                 <221> NAME/KEY: CDS                                                            <222> LOCATION: (301)..(3099)                                                   - - <400> SEQUENCE: 1                                                          - - ggtaccataa attacacatc tgcttttgaa aaaatatgat ttcaagctag ga -             #ttacatta     60                                                                  - - ggtagagttc atattaataa taaaaaatgt ttgcaatcaa atcgtacgtt gt -             #cgtttgta    120                                                                  - - attcttaaaa tagcaataaa taaaatgttt gttagtaaag tattattgtg ga -             #taataaaa    180                                                                  - - tatcgataca aattaattgc tataatgcaa ttttagtgta taattccatt aa -             #cagagatt    240                                                                  - - aaatatatct taaagggtat atagttaata taaaatgact ttttaaaaag ag -             #ggaataaa    300                                                                  - - atg aat atg aag aaa aaa gaa aaa cac gca at - #t cgg aaa aaa tcg         att      348                                                                     Met Asn Met Lys Lys Lys Glu Lys His Ala Il - #e Arg Lys Lys Ser Ile             1               5 - #                 10 - #                 15               - - ggc gtg gct tca gtg ctt gta ggt acg tta at - #c ggt ttt gga cta ctc           396                                                                        Gly Val Ala Ser Val Leu Val Gly Thr Leu Il - #e Gly Phe Gly Leu Leu                         20     - #             25     - #             30                   - - agc agt aaa gaa gca gat gca agt gaa aat ag - #t gtt acg caa tct gat           444                                                                        Ser Ser Lys Glu Ala Asp Ala Ser Glu Asn Se - #r Val Thr Gln Ser Asp                     35         - #         40         - #         45                       - - agc gca agt aac gaa agc aaa agt aat gat tc - #a agt agc gtt agt gct           492                                                                        Ser Ala Ser Asn Glu Ser Lys Ser Asn Asp Se - #r Ser Ser Val Ser Ala                 50             - #     55             - #     60                           - - gca cct aaa aca gac gac aca aac gtg agt ga - #t act aaa aca tcg tca           540                                                                        Ala Pro Lys Thr Asp Asp Thr Asn Val Ser As - #p Thr Lys Thr Ser Ser             65                 - # 70                 - # 75                 - # 80        - - aac act aat aat ggc gaa acg agt gtg gcg ca - #a aat cca gca caa cag           588                                                                        Asn Thr Asn Asn Gly Glu Thr Ser Val Ala Gl - #n Asn Pro Ala Gln Gln                             85 - #                 90 - #                 95               - - gaa acg aca caa tca tca tca aca aat gca ac - #t acg gaa gaa acg ccg           636                                                                        Glu Thr Thr Gln Ser Ser Ser Thr Asn Ala Th - #r Thr Glu Glu Thr Pro                        100      - #           105      - #           110                   - - gta act ggt gaa gct act act acg aca acg aa - #t caa gct aat aca ccg           684                                                                        Val Thr Gly Glu Ala Thr Thr Thr Thr Thr As - #n Gln Ala Asn Thr Pro                    115          - #       120          - #       125                       - - gca aca act caa tca agc aat aca aat gcg ga - #g gaa tta gtg aat caa           732                                                                        Ala Thr Thr Gln Ser Ser Asn Thr Asn Ala Gl - #u Glu Leu Val Asn Gln                130              - #   135              - #   140                           - - aca agt aat gaa acg act ttt aat gat act aa - #t aca gta tca tct gta           780                                                                        Thr Ser Asn Glu Thr Thr Phe Asn Asp Thr As - #n Thr Val Ser Ser Val            145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -       #60                                                                               - - aat tca cct caa aat tct aca aat gcg gaa aa - #t gtt tca aca acg         caa      828                                                                     Asn Ser Pro Gln Asn Ser Thr Asn Ala Glu As - #n Val Ser Thr Thr Gln                           165  - #               170  - #               175               - - gat act tca act gaa gca aca cct tca aac aa - #t gaa tca gct cca cag           876                                                                        Asp Thr Ser Thr Glu Ala Thr Pro Ser Asn As - #n Glu Ser Ala Pro Gln                        180      - #           185      - #           190                   - - agt aca gat gca agt aat aaa gat gta gtt aa - #t caa gcg gtt aat aca           924                                                                        Ser Thr Asp Ala Ser Asn Lys Asp Val Val As - #n Gln Ala Val Asn Thr                    195          - #       200          - #       205                       - - agt gcg cct aga atg aga gca ttt agt tta gc - #g gca gta gct gca gat           972                                                                        Ser Ala Pro Arg Met Arg Ala Phe Ser Leu Al - #a Ala Val Ala Ala Asp                210              - #   215              - #   220                           - - gca ccg gca gct ggc aca gat att acg aat ca - #g ttg acg aat gtg aca          1020                                                                        Ala Pro Ala Ala Gly Thr Asp Ile Thr Asn Gl - #n Leu Thr Asn Val Thr            225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -       #40                                                                               - - gtt ggt att gac tct ggt acg act gtg tat cc - #g cac caa gca ggt         tat     1068                                                                     Val Gly Ile Asp Ser Gly Thr Thr Val Tyr Pr - #o His Gln Ala Gly Tyr                           245  - #               250  - #               255               - - gtc aaa ctg aat tat ggt ttt tca gtg cct aa - #t tct gct gtt aaa ggt          1116                                                                        Val Lys Leu Asn Tyr Gly Phe Ser Val Pro As - #n Ser Ala Val Lys Gly                        260      - #           265      - #           270                   - - gac aca ttc aaa ata act gta cct aaa gaa tt - #a aac tta aat ggt gta          1164                                                                        Asp Thr Phe Lys Ile Thr Val Pro Lys Glu Le - #u Asn Leu Asn Gly Val                    275          - #       280          - #       285                       - - act tca act gct aaa gtg cca cca att atg gc - #t gga gat caa gta ttg          1212                                                                        Thr Ser Thr Ala Lys Val Pro Pro Ile Met Al - #a Gly Asp Gln Val Leu                290              - #   295              - #   300                           - - gca aat ggt gta atc gat agt gat ggt aat gt - #t att tat aca ttt aca          1260                                                                        Ala Asn Gly Val Ile Asp Ser Asp Gly Asn Va - #l Ile Tyr Thr Phe Thr            305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -       #20                                                                               - - gac tat gta aat act aaa gat gat gta aaa gc - #a act ttg acc atg         ccc     1308                                                                     Asp Tyr Val Asn Thr Lys Asp Asp Val Lys Al - #a Thr Leu Thr Met Pro                           325  - #               330  - #               335               - - gct tat att gac cct gaa aat gtt aaa aag ac - #a ggt aat gtg aca ttg          1356                                                                        Ala Tyr Ile Asp Pro Glu Asn Val Lys Lys Th - #r Gly Asn Val Thr Leu                        340      - #           345      - #           350                   - - gct act ggc ata ggt agt aca aca gca aac aa - #a aca gta tta gta gat          1404                                                                        Ala Thr Gly Ile Gly Ser Thr Thr Ala Asn Ly - #s Thr Val Leu Val Asp                    355          - #       360          - #       365                       - - tat gaa aaa tat ggt aag ttt tat aac tta tc - #t att aaa ggt aca att          1452                                                                        Tyr Glu Lys Tyr Gly Lys Phe Tyr Asn Leu Se - #r Ile Lys Gly Thr Ile                370              - #   375              - #   380                           - - gac caa atc gat aaa aca aat aat acg tat cg - #t cag aca att tat gtc          1500                                                                        Asp Gln Ile Asp Lys Thr Asn Asn Thr Tyr Ar - #g Gln Thr Ile Tyr Val            385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -       #00                                                                               - - aat cca agt gga gat aac gtt att gcg ccg gt - #t tta aca ggt aat         tta     1548                                                                     Asn Pro Ser Gly Asp Asn Val Ile Ala Pro Va - #l Leu Thr Gly Asn Leu                           405  - #               410  - #               415               - - aaa cca aat acg gat agt aat gca tta ata ga - #t cag caa aat aca agt          1596                                                                        Lys Pro Asn Thr Asp Ser Asn Ala Leu Ile As - #p Gln Gln Asn Thr Ser                        420      - #           425      - #           430                   - - att aaa gta tat aaa gta gat aat gca gct ga - #t tta tct gaa agt tac          1644                                                                        Ile Lys Val Tyr Lys Val Asp Asn Ala Ala As - #p Leu Ser Glu Ser Tyr                    435          - #       440          - #       445                       - - ttt gtg aat cca gaa aac ttt gag gat gtc ac - #t aat agt gtg aat att          1692                                                                        Phe Val Asn Pro Glu Asn Phe Glu Asp Val Th - #r Asn Ser Val Asn Ile                450              - #   455              - #   460                           - - aca ttc cca aat cca aat caa tat aaa gta ga - #g ttt aat acg cct gat          1740                                                                        Thr Phe Pro Asn Pro Asn Gln Tyr Lys Val Gl - #u Phe Asn Thr Pro Asp            465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -       #80                                                                               - - gat caa att aca aca ccg tat ata gta gtt gt - #t aat ggt cat att         gat     1788                                                                     Asp Gln Ile Thr Thr Pro Tyr Ile Val Val Va - #l Asn Gly His Ile Asp                           485  - #               490  - #               495               - - ccg aat agc aaa ggt gat tta gct tta cgt tc - #a act tta tat ggg tat          1836                                                                        Pro Asn Ser Lys Gly Asp Leu Ala Leu Arg Se - #r Thr Leu Tyr Gly Tyr                        500      - #           505      - #           510                   - - aac tcg aat ata att tgg cgc tct atg tca tg - #g gac aac gaa gta gca          1884                                                                        Asn Ser Asn Ile Ile Trp Arg Ser Met Ser Tr - #p Asp Asn Glu Val Ala                    515          - #       520          - #       525                       - - ttt aat aac gga tca ggt tct ggt gac ggt at - #c gat aaa cca gtt gtt          1932                                                                        Phe Asn Asn Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Asp Gly Il - #e Asp Lys Pro Val Val                530              - #   535              - #   540                           - - cct gaa caa cct gat gag cct ggt gaa att ga - #a cca att cca gag gat          1980                                                                        Pro Glu Gln Pro Asp Glu Pro Gly Glu Ile Gl - #u Pro Ile Pro Glu Asp            545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -       #60                                                                               - - tca gat tct gac cca ggt tca gat tct ggc ag - #c gat tct aat tca         gat     2028                                                                     Ser Asp Ser Asp Pro Gly Ser Asp Ser Gly Se - #r Asp Ser Asn Ser Asp                           565  - #               570  - #               575               - - agc ggt tca gat tcg ggt agt gat tct aca tc - #a gat agt ggt tca gat          2076                                                                        Ser Gly Ser Asp Ser Gly Ser Asp Ser Thr Se - #r Asp Ser Gly Ser Asp                        580      - #           585      - #           590                   - - tca gcg agt gat tca gat tca gca agt gat tc - #a gac tca gcg agt gat          2124                                                                        Ser Ala Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Ala Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Ala Ser Asp                    595          - #       600          - #       605                       - - tca gat tca gca agc gat tcc gac tca gcg ag - #c gat tcc gac tca gac          2172                                                                        Ser Asp Ser Ala Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Ala Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp                610              - #   615              - #   620                           - - aat gac tcg gat tca gat agc gat tct gac tc - #a gac agt gac tca gat          2220                                                                        Asn Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp            625                 6 - #30                 6 - #35                 6 -       #40                                                                               - - tcc gac agt gac tca gat tca gat agc gat tc - #t gac tca gac agt         gac     2268                                                                     Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp                           645  - #               650  - #               655               - - tca gat tca gat agc gat tca gat tca gat ag - #c gat tca gat tcc gac          2316                                                                        Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp                        660      - #           665      - #           670                   - - agt gat tcc gac tca gac agc gat tct gac tc - #c gac agt gat tcc gac          2364                                                                        Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp                    675          - #       680          - #       685                       - - tca gac agc gat tca gat tcc gac agt gat tc - #c gac tca gat agc gat          2412                                                                        Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp                690              - #   695              - #   700                           - - tcc gac tca gat agc gac tca gat tca gac ag - #c gat tca gat tca gac          2460                                                                        Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp            705                 7 - #10                 7 - #15                 7 -       #20                                                                               - - agc gat tca gat tca gat agc gat tca gat tc - #c gac agt gac tca         gat     2508                                                                     Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp                           725  - #               730  - #               735               - - tcc gac agt gac tcg gat tca gat agc gat tc - #a gat tcc gac agt gac          2556                                                                        Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp                        740      - #           745      - #           750                   - - tca gat tcc gac agt gac tca gac tca gac ag - #t gat tcg gat tca gcg          2604                                                                        Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Ala                    755          - #       760          - #       765                       - - agt gat tcg gat tca gat agt gat tcc gac tc - #c gac agt gac tcg gat          2652                                                                        Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp                770              - #   775              - #   780                           - - tca gat agc gac tca gac tcg gat agc gac tc - #g gat tca gat agc gat          2700                                                                        Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp            785                 7 - #90                 7 - #95                 8 -       #00                                                                               - - tcg gac tca gat agc gat tca gaa tca gac ag - #c gat tca gaa tca         gac     2748                                                                     Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Glu Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Glu Ser Asp                           805  - #               810  - #               815               - - agc gat tca gat tca gac agc gac tca gac ag - #t gac tca gat tca gat          2796                                                                        Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp                        820      - #           825      - #           830                   - - agt gac tcg gat tca gcg agt gat tca gac tc - #a ggt agt gac tcc gat          2844                                                                        Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Ala Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Gly Ser Asp Ser Asp                    835          - #       840          - #       845                       - - tca tca agt gat tcc gac tca gaa agt gat tc - #a aat agc gat tcc gag          2892                                                                        Ser Ser Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Glu Ser Asp Se - #r Asn Ser Asp Ser Glu                850              - #   855              - #   860                           - - tca ggt tct aac aat aat gta gtt ccg cct aa - #t tca cct aaa aat ggt          2940                                                                        Ser Gly Ser Asn Asn Asn Val Val Pro Pro As - #n Ser Pro Lys Asn Gly            865                 8 - #70                 8 - #75                 8 -       #80                                                                               - - act aat gct tct aat aaa aat gag gct aaa ga - #t agt aaa gaa cca         tta     2988                                                                     Thr Asn Ala Ser Asn Lys Asn Glu Ala Lys As - #p Ser Lys Glu Pro Leu                           885  - #               890  - #               895               - - cca gat aca ggt tct gaa gat gaa gca aat ac - #g tca cta att tgg gga          3036                                                                        Pro Asp Thr Gly Ser Glu Asp Glu Ala Asn Th - #r Ser Leu Ile Trp Gly                        900      - #           905      - #           910                   - - tta tta gca tca ata ggt tca tta cta ctt tt - #c aga aga aaa aaa gaa          3084                                                                        Leu Leu Ala Ser Ile Gly Ser Leu Leu Leu Ph - #e Arg Arg Lys Lys Glu                    915          - #       920          - #       925                       - - aat aaa gat aag aaa taagtaataa tgatattaaa ttaatcata - #t gattcatgaa          3139                                                                        Asn Lys Asp Lys Lys                                                                930                                                                         - - gaagccacct taaaaggtgc ttcttttact tggattttcc aaatatattg tt -              #tgaatata   3199                                                                  - - attaataatt aattcatcaa cagttaatta ttttaaaaag gtagatgtta ta -             #taatttgg   3259                                                                  - - cttggcgaaa aaatagggtg taaggtaggt tgttaattag ggaaaattaa gg -             #agaaaata   3319                                                                  - - cagttgaaaa ataaattgct agttttatca ttgggagcat tatgtgtatc ac -             #aaatttgg   3379                                                                  - - gaaagtaatc gtgcgagtgc agtggtttct ggggagaaga atccatatgt at -             #ctgagtcg   3439                                                                  - - ttgaaactga ctaataataa aaataaatct agaacagtag aagagtataa ga -             #aaagctt    3498                                                                  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 2                                                    <211> LENGTH: 933                                                              <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 2                                                          - - Met Asn Met Lys Lys Lys Glu Lys His Ala Il - #e Arg Lys Lys Ser         Ile                                                                                1               5 - #                 10 - #                 15              - - Gly Val Ala Ser Val Leu Val Gly Thr Leu Il - #e Gly Phe Gly Leu Leu                    20     - #             25     - #             30                   - - Ser Ser Lys Glu Ala Asp Ala Ser Glu Asn Se - #r Val Thr Gln Ser Asp                35         - #         40         - #         45                       - - Ser Ala Ser Asn Glu Ser Lys Ser Asn Asp Se - #r Ser Ser Val Ser Ala            50             - #     55             - #     60                           - - Ala Pro Lys Thr Asp Asp Thr Asn Val Ser As - #p Thr Lys Thr Ser Ser        65                 - # 70                 - # 75                 - # 80        - - Asn Thr Asn Asn Gly Glu Thr Ser Val Ala Gl - #n Asn Pro Ala Gln Gln                        85 - #                 90 - #                 95               - - Glu Thr Thr Gln Ser Ser Ser Thr Asn Ala Th - #r Thr Glu Glu Thr Pro                   100      - #           105      - #           110                   - - Val Thr Gly Glu Ala Thr Thr Thr Thr Thr As - #n Gln Ala Asn Thr Pro               115          - #       120          - #       125                       - - Ala Thr Thr Gln Ser Ser Asn Thr Asn Ala Gl - #u Glu Leu Val Asn Gln           130              - #   135              - #   140                           - - Thr Ser Asn Glu Thr Thr Phe Asn Asp Thr As - #n Thr Val Ser Ser Val       145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -       #60                                                                               - - Asn Ser Pro Gln Asn Ser Thr Asn Ala Glu As - #n Val Ser Thr Thr         Gln                                                                                              165  - #               170  - #               175              - - Asp Thr Ser Thr Glu Ala Thr Pro Ser Asn As - #n Glu Ser Ala Pro Gln                   180      - #           185      - #           190                   - - Ser Thr Asp Ala Ser Asn Lys Asp Val Val As - #n Gln Ala Val Asn Thr               195          - #       200          - #       205                       - - Ser Ala Pro Arg Met Arg Ala Phe Ser Leu Al - #a Ala Val Ala Ala Asp           210              - #   215              - #   220                           - - Ala Pro Ala Ala Gly Thr Asp Ile Thr Asn Gl - #n Leu Thr Asn Val Thr       225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -       #40                                                                               - - Val Gly Ile Asp Ser Gly Thr Thr Val Tyr Pr - #o His Gln Ala Gly         Tyr                                                                                              245  - #               250  - #               255              - - Val Lys Leu Asn Tyr Gly Phe Ser Val Pro As - #n Ser Ala Val Lys Gly                   260      - #           265      - #           270                   - - Asp Thr Phe Lys Ile Thr Val Pro Lys Glu Le - #u Asn Leu Asn Gly Val               275          - #       280          - #       285                       - - Thr Ser Thr Ala Lys Val Pro Pro Ile Met Al - #a Gly Asp Gln Val Leu           290              - #   295              - #   300                           - - Ala Asn Gly Val Ile Asp Ser Asp Gly Asn Va - #l Ile Tyr Thr Phe Thr       305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -       #20                                                                               - - Asp Tyr Val Asn Thr Lys Asp Asp Val Lys Al - #a Thr Leu Thr Met         Pro                                                                                              325  - #               330  - #               335              - - Ala Tyr Ile Asp Pro Glu Asn Val Lys Lys Th - #r Gly Asn Val Thr Leu                   340      - #           345      - #           350                   - - Ala Thr Gly Ile Gly Ser Thr Thr Ala Asn Ly - #s Thr Val Leu Val Asp               355          - #       360          - #       365                       - - Tyr Glu Lys Tyr Gly Lys Phe Tyr Asn Leu Se - #r Ile Lys Gly Thr Ile           370              - #   375              - #   380                           - - Asp Gln Ile Asp Lys Thr Asn Asn Thr Tyr Ar - #g Gln Thr Ile Tyr Val       385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -       #00                                                                               - - Asn Pro Ser Gly Asp Asn Val Ile Ala Pro Va - #l Leu Thr Gly Asn         Leu                                                                                              405  - #               410  - #               415              - - Lys Pro Asn Thr Asp Ser Asn Ala Leu Ile As - #p Gln Gln Asn Thr Ser                   420      - #           425      - #           430                   - - Ile Lys Val Tyr Lys Val Asp Asn Ala Ala As - #p Leu Ser Glu Ser Tyr               435          - #       440          - #       445                       - - Phe Val Asn Pro Glu Asn Phe Glu Asp Val Th - #r Asn Ser Val Asn Ile           450              - #   455              - #   460                           - - Thr Phe Pro Asn Pro Asn Gln Tyr Lys Val Gl - #u Phe Asn Thr Pro Asp       465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -       #80                                                                               - - Asp Gln Ile Thr Thr Pro Tyr Ile Val Val Va - #l Asn Gly His Ile         Asp                                                                                              485  - #               490  - #               495              - - Pro Asn Ser Lys Gly Asp Leu Ala Leu Arg Se - #r Thr Leu Tyr Gly Tyr                   500      - #           505      - #           510                   - - Asn Ser Asn Ile Ile Trp Arg Ser Met Ser Tr - #p Asp Asn Glu Val Ala               515          - #       520          - #       525                       - - Phe Asn Asn Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Asp Gly Il - #e Asp Lys Pro Val Val           530              - #   535              - #   540                           - - Pro Glu Gln Pro Asp Glu Pro Gly Glu Ile Gl - #u Pro Ile Pro Glu Asp       545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -       #60                                                                               - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Pro Gly Ser Asp Ser Gly Se - #r Asp Ser Asn Ser         Asp                                                                                              565  - #               570  - #               575              - - Ser Gly Ser Asp Ser Gly Ser Asp Ser Thr Se - #r Asp Ser Gly Ser Asp                   580      - #           585      - #           590                   - - Ser Ala Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Ala Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Ala Ser Asp               595          - #       600          - #       605                       - - Ser Asp Ser Ala Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Ala Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp           610              - #   615              - #   620                           - - Asn Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp       625                 6 - #30                 6 - #35                 6 -       #40                                                                               - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser         Asp                                                                                              645  - #               650  - #               655              - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp                   660      - #           665      - #           670                   - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp               675          - #       680          - #       685                       - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp           690              - #   695              - #   700                           - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp       705                 7 - #10                 7 - #15                 7 -       #20                                                                               - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser         Asp                                                                                              725  - #               730  - #               735              - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp                   740      - #           745      - #           750                   - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Ala               755          - #       760          - #       765                       - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp           770              - #   775              - #   780                           - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp       785                 7 - #90                 7 - #95                 8 -       #00                                                                               - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Glu Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Glu Ser         Asp                                                                                              805  - #               810  - #               815              - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp                   820      - #           825      - #           830                   - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Ala Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Gly Ser Asp Ser Asp               835          - #       840          - #       845                       - - Ser Ser Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Glu Ser Asp Se - #r Asn Ser Asp Ser Glu           850              - #   855              - #   860                           - - Ser Gly Ser Asn Asn Asn Val Val Pro Pro As - #n Ser Pro Lys Asn Gly       865                 8 - #70                 8 - #75                 8 -       #80                                                                               - - Thr Asn Ala Ser Asn Lys Asn Glu Ala Lys As - #p Ser Lys Glu Pro         Leu                                                                                              885  - #               890  - #               895              - - Pro Asp Thr Gly Ser Glu Asp Glu Ala Asn Th - #r Ser Leu Ile Trp Gly                   900      - #           905      - #           910                   - - Leu Leu Ala Ser Ile Gly Ser Leu Leu Leu Ph - #e Arg Arg Lys Lys Glu               915          - #       920          - #       925                       - - Asn Lys Asp Lys Lys                                                           930                                                                         - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 3                                                    <211> LENGTH: 12                                                               <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 3                                                          - - Gly Thr Ile Asn Tyr Thr Ser Ala Phe Glu Ly - #s Ile                         1               5 - #                 10                                      - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 4                                                    <211> LENGTH: 58                                                               <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 4                                                          - - Phe Gln Ala Arg Ile Thr Leu Gly Arg Val Hi - #s Ile Asn Asn Lys Lys         1               5 - #                 10 - #                 15               - - Cys Leu Gln Ser Asn Arg Thr Leu Ser Phe Va - #l Ile Leu Lys Ile Ala                    20     - #             25     - #             30                   - - Ile Asn Lys Met Phe Val Ser Lys Val Leu Le - #u Trp Ile Ile Lys Tyr                35         - #         40         - #         45                       - - Arg Tyr Lys Leu Ile Ala Ile Met Gln Phe                                        50             - #     55                                                  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 5                                                    <211> LENGTH: 15                                                               <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 5                                                          - - Cys Ile Ile Pro Leu Thr Glu Ile Lys Tyr Il - #e Leu Lys Gly Ile             1               5 - #                 10 - #                 15               - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 6                                                    <211> LENGTH: 6                                                                <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 6                                                          - - Val Ile Met Ile Leu Asn                                                     1               5                                                             - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 7                                                    <211> LENGTH: 21                                                               <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 7                                                          - - Arg Ser His Leu Lys Arg Cys Phe Phe Tyr Le - #u Asp Phe Pro Asn Ile         1               5 - #                 10 - #                 15               - - Leu Phe Glu Tyr Asn                                                                    20                                                                 - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 8                                                    <211> LENGTH: 11                                                               <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 8                                                          - - Leu Ile His Gln Gln Leu Ile Ile Leu Lys Ar - #g                             1               5 - #                 10                                      - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 9                                                    <211> LENGTH: 12                                                               <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 9                                                          - - Met Leu Tyr Asn Leu Ala Trp Arg Lys Asn Ar - #g Val                         1               5 - #                 10                                      - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 10                                                   <211> LENGTH: 8                                                                <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 10                                                         - - Gly Arg Leu Leu Ile Arg Glu Asn                                             1               5                                                             - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 11                                                   <211> LENGTH: 7                                                                <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 11                                                         - - Gly Glu Asn Thr Val Glu Lys                                                 1               5                                                             - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 12                                                   <211> LENGTH: 17                                                               <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 12                                                         - - Ile Ala Ser Phe Ile Ile Gly Ser Ile Met Cy - #s Ile Thr Asn Leu Gly         1               5 - #                 10 - #                 15               - - Lys                                                                        - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 13                                                   <211> LENGTH: 15                                                               <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 13                                                         - - Ser Cys Glu Cys Ser Gly Phe Trp Gly Glu Gl - #u Ser Ile Cys Ile            1               5  - #                10  - #                15                - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 14                                                   <211> LENGTH: 5                                                                <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 14                                                         - - Val Val Glu Thr Asp                                                         1               5                                                             - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 15                                                   <211> LENGTH: 5                                                                <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 15                                                         - - Asn Ser Arg Arg Val                                                         1               5                                                             - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 16                                                   <211> LENGTH: 16                                                               <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 16                                                         - - Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Ser Asp Se - #r Asp Gly Gly Gly Cys         1               5 - #                 10 - #                 15               - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 17                                                   <211> LENGTH: 10                                                               <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 17                                                         - - Val Gly Thr Leu Ile Gly Phe Gly Leu Leu                                     1               5 - #                 10                                      - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 18                                                   <211> LENGTH: 7                                                                <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 18                                                         - - Gly Lys Ile Ile Gly Ile Asp                                                 1               5                                                             - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 19                                                   <211> LENGTH: 16                                                               <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 19                                                         - - Met Asn Gln Thr Ser Asn Glu Thr Thr Phe As - #n Asp Thr Asn Thr Val         1               5 - #                 10 - #                 15               - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 20                                                   <211> LENGTH: 18                                                               <212> TYPE: PRT                                                                <213> ORGANISM: Staphylococcus aureus                                           - - <400> SEQUENCE: 20                                                         - - Ala Val Ala Ala Asp Ala Pro Ala Ala Gly Th - #r Asp Ile Thr Asn Gln         1               5 - #                 10 - #                 15               - - Leu Thr                                                                  __________________________________________________________________________ 

We claim:
 1. An isolated DNA molecule consisting of Sequence ID No. 1 or degenerates thereof.
 2. An isolated DNA molecule according to claim 1, encoding a protein having S. aureus fibrinogen binding activity.
 3. An isolated DNA molecule encoding S. aureus fibrinogen binding activity as deposited in plasmid pCF3 at the NCIMB in Aberdeen, Scotland under Accession No. NCIMB40959 or degenerates thereof.
 4. An isolated DNA molecule encoding S. aureus fibrinogen binding activity as deposited in plasmid pCF10 at the NCIMB under Accession No. 40674 or degenerates thereof.
 5. An isolated plasmid containing a DNA molecule as claimed in any one of claims 1 to
 4. 6. A microorganism transformed with a DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to
 4. 7. A microorganism transformed with a plasmid of claim
 5. 8. A transformed host microorganism expressing the S. aureus fibrinogen binding protein gene as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 1. 9. An isolated DNA molecule according to claim 1 which encodes a contiguous repeat region comprising 154 repeats of the dipeptide serine-aspartate.
 10. An isolated plasmid bearing a DNA molecule as claimed in claim
 9. 11. A microorganism transformed with a DNA molecule of claim 9, or a plasmid of claim
 10. 12. A diagnostic kit comprising a DNA molecule as claimed in claim
 9. 